Article Abstract

Biofuels, sourced from biological materials, represent a viable substitute for fossil fuels with the ability to lower greenhouse gas emissions and enhance energy security. This review consolidates recent advancements in biofuel production technologies, options for feedstocks, and metabolic engineering, concentrating on both traditional and emerging biofuels. The discussion encompasses environmental and socioeconomic effects, key challenges, and promising pathways forward. Significant topics include microbial strain engineering, algal biofuels, life-cycle sustainability assessments, and the incorporation of biofuels into circular economy models. Despite facing substantial obstacles related to cost, scalability, and environmental trade-offs, collective progress in biotechnology, process engineering, and policy development could facilitate their broader implementation.
Keywords: Biofuel, Alternate Fuel, Biodiesel, Biomass Management, Organic Waste Recycling.